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                  F R E E   E S P E R A N T O   C O U R S E

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                                Lesson Two



Thanks for trying Lesson 1. By now you should have received corrections

to the exercises of the first lesson. Here is the next lesson. Keep it

up!



Let's review the "grammar-coding" for a second:



  subject thing(s)       action        object thing(s)

       -o                 -as              -on

                          -is

       -oj                -os              -ojn



Two-thirds of the pattern so far deals with "things" (nouns).  Now let's

take a look at how to describe these things:  good coffee, good tea

(adjectives).



Something that describes, such as "good," is called an adjective.  In

Esperanto, adjectives are grammar coded with an "-a" ending.



As in some other languages (but not in English) the adjective ending ("-a")

has to "agree" with the noun it describes.  That is, if the noun is plural,

the adjective must also be plural.  If the noun is an object ("-n"), the

adjective must also be an object.



  subject thing(s)       action          object thing(s)

   bona patro             havos            bonan filon

  a good father         will have          a good son



  bonaj patroj            havos           bonajn filojn

  good fathers          will have           good sons



(Note:  "aj" is pronounced like the English word "eye".)



Vocabulary:  In each lesson we will introduce about twenty new words to

you; learn these but remember to review the words in the previous lesson. 

Use the words below to practice what you've just learned.

The exercises in this lesson are split into three parts.



Vocabulary, lesson two



     Adjectives               Nouns                Verb Roots

     bela (beautiful)         akvo (water)         am' (love)    

     granda (big)             butiko (shop)        lav' (wash)

     nova (new)               limonado (lemonade)  pet' (ask, request)

     sana (healthy)           papero (paper)       port' (carry, wear)

     seka (dry)               plumo (pen)          renkont' (meet)

     varma (warm)             taso (cup)           skrib' (write)



__________________________ extract from here ____________________________



                         Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto unu)



1.   A healthy boy drinks warm milk.





2.   The new shop sells dry cakes.





3.   The big teacher met the new friends.





4.   The good friends will-make a beautiful cake.



__________________________ extract to here ____________________________





Reminder:

               -a   -o           -as         -an  -on

               -aj  -oj          -is         -ajn -ojn

                                 -os



We haven't been able to give you enough vocabulary to let us vary these

exercises very much, but in Esperanto the system of regular word building

(with prefixes and suffixes) lets us expand our vocabulary with little

effort.  For example, the "mal-" makes words of opposite meaning:



     bona = good              malbona = bad

     pura = clean             malpura = dirty

     sana = healthy           malsana = ill, sick

     am' = love               malam' = hate

     amiko = friend (male)    malamiko = enemy (male)



and similarly the "-in-" makes words specifically female.



     patro = father           patrino = mother



     and thus for all female living creatures:



     kato = cat               katino = female cat



The 'vir' prefix is the original way to mark something as explicitly male:

virkato. Most people avoid using the root form as a 'male' form. It is rare

that you have to mark sex - it is proper to say, for example, Sally estas

instruisto, instead of saying Sally estas instruistino.



__________________________ extract from here ____________________________



                         Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto du)



5.   The small girl met the ugly sisters.





6.   The old cup has new lemonade.





7.   The new cup has old milk.





8.   Mother will-wash the small cups.





9.   The small boy carried the new bread.





10.  Cold water washes a small boy.



__________________________ extract to here ____________________________





"Ne" in front of any verb makes it negative, the action that doesn't

happen, or didn't happen, or won't happen.



ne havas = doesn't (don't) have; ne faras = doesn't do



Here is just one verb ("to be") displayed in the usual way (all Esperanto

verbs follow the same rule!):



General form (infinitive)     to be     esti



Present tense (-as form)      I am      mi estas

                              you are   vi estas

                              he is     li estas

                              she is    sxi estas

                              it is     gxi estas

                              we are    ni estas

                              you are   vi estas

                              they are  ili estas

                              one is    oni estas



est' is the verb root and always appears wherever the verb is used.  Does

this verb even have a root in English?  (am, is, are)



In the above verb display, note:



     sxi (she) is pronounced exactly like the English "she"



     gxi (it) is pronounced like the English "gee!", as in "Jeep"



     vi (you) is both singular and plural, like the English "you."



     (There is a word "ci", singular, but it is used much as the English

     singular "thou" - not very often!)



     Note, too, that although pronouns do not end in -o when they are

     "subject things", they do take the -n when they are "object things":



          La  patrino lavas la  knabon. Sxi lavas  lin.

          The mother washes the boy.    She washes him.



Now that we have learned the pronouns:



     mi   vi   li   sxi  gxi  ni   vi   ili  oni

     I    you  he   she  it   we   you  they one



we can form the possessive adjectives:



     mia  via  lia  sxia gxia nia  via  ilia (pronounced ee-LEE-a) onia

     my   your his  her  its  our  your their                      one's



which are really adjectives because they identify (describe) the nouns they

are attached to.  Mia plumo = my pen.  The ending "-a" on possessive

adjectives follows the same rules about agreement as adjectives:



                       Mia amiko amas mian fratinon.



                     Miaj amikoj amas miajn fratinojn.



__________________________ extract from here ____________________________



                         Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto tri)



11.  I forgot my pen.





12.  We don't have paper.





13.  My daughter requested warm milk.





14.  Her old friend didn't write.





15.  You will meet their old friends.





16.  She will have the warm water.





17.  Your new teacher forgot your sugar.





18.  The boys hate our new teacher.





19.  They sell tea and (kaj) coffee.





20.  We will sell her cake and his pens.





Note:  kaj (and) is pronounced like the ki in kite.



Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these

exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter,

with subject: 'FEC ekz 2'.

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Go back to the index for other lessons.