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F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E
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Leciono Naux
Wow! That last lesson had a lot in it, so let's do something a little
simpler.
Numbers: unu du tri kvar kvin ses
Fractions: duono triono kvarono kvinono sesono
1/3 = (unu) triono; 3/4 = tri kvaronoj;
7/16 = sep deksesonoj; 5/8 = kvin okonoj
Note the following: (contrast the expressions)
I look, and then I see.
Mi rigardas, kaj tiam mi vidas.
I listen, and then I hear.
Mi auxskultas, kaj tiam mi auxdas.
I think, then afterwards I have an opinion.
Mi pensas, kaj poste mi havas opinion.
[I think that... Mi opinias, ke...]
His father drank his lemonade. (Whose lemonade?)
Lia patro trinkis lian limonadon. (NOT the father's lemonade)
Lia patro trinkis sian limonadon. (YES, the father's lemonade)
sia (third person) refers to the subject of the sentence: (his own, her
own, one's own, their own).
The box is blue, isn't it?
La skatolo estas blua, cxu ne?
[Watch your answer!
The box isn't blue, is it? What would JES mean?]
La skatolo ne estas blua, cxu?
Shades of meaning by using the suffixes -eg and -et:
bonega excellent varmega hot
bona good varma warm
boneta fair varmeta lukewarm
malboneta poor malvarmeta cool
malbona bad malvarma cold
malbonega terrible malvarmega freezing
Verb prefixes and suffixes: ek-, -ad-, -igx-, and -ig-
La suno ekbrilis. The sun began to shine.
ek La birdoj ekkantis. The birds began to sing.
La ondoj ekdancis. The waves began to dance.
The waves suddenly danced.
La suno briladis. The sun kept on shining.
The sun shone and shone.
ad La birdoj kantadis. The birds kept on singing.
The birds sang and sang.
La ondoj dancadis. The waves kept on dancing.
The waves danced and danced.
La sablo sekigxis. The sand became (got) dry.
The sand dried up.
igx La aero varmigxis. The air became (got) warm.
The air warmed up.
La homoj rugxigxis The people became (got) red.
The people reddened (blushed).
La suno sekigis la sablon. The sun made the sand dry.
The sun dried up the sand.
ig La suno varmigis la aeron. The sun made the air warm.
The sun warmed up the air.
La suno rugxigis la homojn. The sun made the people red.
The sun reddened the people
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Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto unu)
Translate into Esperanto:
1. He ate three-fourths of [de] the cake.
2. I think that Esperanto is an easy language [lingvo].
3. Her mother washed her dress [robo]. [The dress was the daughter's]
4. Their mothers washed their (own) dresses.
5. The evenings are cool, aren't they?
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(Read in Esperanto) cxe la junulara klubo
La vivo cxe nia klubo estas tre interesa. Je la 7-a (sepa),
diskludilo ekludas, kaj ludadas gxis la 8-a, kiam gxi silentigxas. Ni
studadas inter la 8-a kaj la 9-a, kaj ankaux la instruisto paroladas al ni
(=li faras paroladon). Je la 9-a, ni mangxetas kaj la diskoj eksonas
denove, kaj la dancado dauxras gxis la 10-a kiam ni ekiras hejmen.
Esperanto interesas min. Mi interesigxis antaux du monatoj, kaj tiam
mi aligxis al la klubo; mi ankaux interesigis mian fratinon, kaj varbis
sxin.
Dum la unua horo, ni ludas tablotenison kaj bilardon. Mi plibonigxas
je tabloteniso, sed malplibonigxas je bilardo.
Dum la dua horo, ni havas legadon, skribadon, kaj esperantan kantadon.
Poste, du frauxlinoj varmigas la kafon, kaj kiam la kafo suficxe varmigxas,
oni malfermas la bufedon. La kafo estas suficxe varma je la 9-a.
La novaj membroj rapide interesigxas pri la aliaj geknaboj cxe la
klubo. Ili ofte ekrigardas unu la alian, kaj de tempo al tempo frauxlino
ekploras se sxia amiko interesigxas pri alia frauxlino.
[disk-lud-il-o: record player; ludi: to play; studi: to study; monato:
month; ankaux: also; paroli: to speak; parol-ad-i: to lecture; soni: to
sound; denove: again; dauxri: to continue; iri: to go; aligxi: to join;
varbi: to recruit; frauxlo: bachelor; fermi: to close; bufedo: buffet;
ofte: often; plori: to cry; alia: another; tempo: time.]
Note: pli = more; plej = most; malpli = less; malplej = least.
So: pli bona: better; plej bona: best; malpli bona: worse; malplej
bona: worst.
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Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto du)
Answer in English and Esperanto:
6. Kiom da horoj la disko sonas?
7. Kiam mi aligxis al la klubo?
8. Kio okazas kiam la kafo estas suficxe varma?
9. Kial frauxlino ekploras de tempo al tempo?
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Time: "Kioma (how-many-eth) horo (hour) estas?" For hours, "Estas la
unua, la dua, la tria, ktp ("etc."). For hours plus minutes, "Estas la
tria, dudek" or "Estas la tria kaj dudek (3:20)". Also used: "Estas la
sepa kaj duono (7:30)" or "Estas la sepa kaj kvarono (7:15)."
Indirect Speech: (note the use of tense in Esperanto)
"direct" He said, "I came from New York."
Li diris, "Mi venis de Nov-Jorko."
"indirect" He said (that) he came from New York.
Li diris, ke li venis de Nov-Jorko.
"direct" He said, "I'm waiting for my suitcase."
Li diris, "Mi atendas mian valizon."
"indirect" He said (that) he was waiting for his suitcase.
Li diris, ke li atendas sian valizon.
"direct" He said, "I shall go to Paris."
Li diris, "Mi iros al Parizo."
"indirect" He said (that) he was going to Paris.
Li diris, ke li iros al Parizo.
In indirect speech, always use the verb that would be used in the direct
speech equivalent. This is sometimes called "the logical tense". Also
note that you must always use "ke" (that) even if it is not used in the
English sentence.
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Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto tri)
Translate into Esperanto:
10. She said, "I write badly."
11. She said that she wrote badly.
12. They said, "We washed the cups."
13. They said they had washed the cups.
14. You said, "I will drink lemonade."
15. You said you would drink lemonade.
16. He said he was unhappy. [happy = felicxa]
17. She said she would come.
18. They said they had eaten the cake.
19. They said, "We are going-to-eat the cake."
20. They said they were going-to-eat the cake.
Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these
exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter,
with subject: 'FEC ekz 9'.
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